2.6 Golden Horde and Byzantine mercenaries.2.2 Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans.
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: 186 The Codex Cumanicus was a linguistic manual written to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cuman people. The Cuman language is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early Turkic languages. : 50 Cuman and Kipchak tribes joined politically to create the Cuman–Kipchak confederation. : 281 The Cumans also played a prominent role in the Fourth Crusade and in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Many eventually settled west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of Kievan Rus', the Galicia–Volhynia Principality, the Golden Horde Khanate, the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Hungary, Moldavia, the Kingdom of Georgia, the Byzantine Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Latin Empire and Wallachia, with Cuman immigrants becoming integrated into each country's elite. : 116 They were numerous, culturally sophisticated, and militarily powerful. : 7 The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the Eurasian Steppe who exerted an enduring influence on the medieval Balkans. Related to the Pecheneg, they inhabited a shifting area north of the Black Sea and along the Volga River known as Cumania, from which the Cuman–Kipchaks meddled in the politics of the Caucasus and the Khwarazmian Empire. After the Mongol invasion (1237), many sought asylum in the Kingdom of Hungary, as many Cumans had settled in Hungary, the Second Bulgarian Empire playing an important role in the development of the state, and Anatolia before the invasion. The Cumans (or Kumans), also known as Polovtsians or Polovtsy (plural only, from the Russian exonym Половцы), were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation. Kipchaks, Pecheneg, Tatars, Nogais, Kazakhs
Tengrism (historically), Christianity, Islam (in Egypt) Cuman–Kipchak confederation in Eurasia circa 1200
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